Glossary

The area at the base of a leaf or fruit where the cells die, allowing the leaf or fruit to fall off without causing any other stem damage

A plant that has no stem or appears to have no stem - though it may be hidden underground.

A plant placed in close proximity to another that has distinctly different colour, texture or form.  The contrast between the two provide accentuation - focussing special attention to it.

When a plant adjusts to a new environment - especially a new climate zone to which it is not native.

Deeply lobed shape - like a maple leaf.

needle shaped, narrow with a sharp point

Any soil with a pH reading below 6.5 on a scale of 1-14; the lower the reading, the more acid the soil.

The flower shows radial symmetry and can be divided in half along many plains.  e.g. Lillies (Lilium), Buttercups (Ranunculus), Mustard and Chillis along with Roses, Daisies and Tulips.

Includes all roots that do not develop from a seed. This includes roots that develop from stems and leaves.

To loosen the soil and allow air into the structure - very good to increase drainage and worm activity.

Roots that appear from the trunk or stem of a plant above ground. They may just hang in the breeze and collect moisture from it or hang down and take hold in the soil below.

Describing conditions where organisms live only when oxygen is present - e.g. most plants (except aquatic)

A technique in propagation where a stem is encouraged to produce roots by lightly injuring it then wrapping moist most around it then securing in place with cling-film.

Any soil with a pH reading above 7.5 on a scale of 1-14; the higher the reading, the more alkaline the soil.

Referring to plants that come from areas above the tree line - e.g. where is too cold for trees to grow

Plants that grow close to water or wetlands

Conditions where no oxygen is present (most plant roots need access to oxygen which is why soils should generally be open and drain well, thereby allowing air to replace any water that has drained away.  An Anaerobic compost heap will not decompose well and often be very smelly.

A large root whose main purpose is to hold a plant in place rather than supply moisture and nutrients which tend to come from the smaller/finer roots.

This term describes flower heads where the central petals or flowers form a cushion-like mound, while the outer rim of petals are flat. Some chrysanthemums are typical of this formation.

Plants that produce flowers with their seeds being borne within the fruits.  This is the most common form of plant, representing over 80% of all known green plants.

A plant grown from seed that flowers, seeds and dies back in just one season.

The pollen bearing part of a flower's male sexual organ.

A white/grey fungus that grows as spots on stems and leaves

A protective, oily or waxy coating that when sprayed on plant foliage creates a fine protective layer that allows photosynthesis to continue while reducing loss of moisture through transpiration.  It can also protect against frost, wind-burn, salty atmospheres, heat-burn and strengthen a plant against transplant shock.

Without petals

A small sucking insect. They are only a few milimetres long, pear shaped, and appear in great numbers at the tender growing points of the attacked plant. They are most easily recognized by the fact that they secrete a sticky fluid called honeydew, and by the ants that will often be found at the same site, appearing to "tend" the aphids. They can be controlled by knocking them from the plants with a hard stream of cold water or by spraying with insecticidal soap or chilli water.

A bud that appears at the top of a stem or branch.

A tree specialist who is experienced in tree surgery along with the prevention and cures of pests and diseases in trees.

A coating of seeds that can be coloured and/or fleshy to entice animals to eat them and therefore disperse over a wider area.

A late 19th century movement in garden design away from the flowing but colourless English Landscape style that champions #Garden as extension of house  #Use of natural or handcrafted materials #Embellishment of natural landscape #Strong architectural style #Abundant flower beds.

It is a style that is very much alive today - especially in Australia where the garden is seen as another room of the home.

The propagation of plants by other means than germination of seeds - e.g. taking cuttings, by division, grafting, air or earth layering, tissue culture, or other vegetative methods.

Hormone produced by the plant to control and regulate various growth processes. 

These include auxins produced by the apical bud that suppresses growth of lateral buds. Removal of the terminal bud allows the lateral buds to start to grow.

A long hair or bristle-like projection from a floret. Grasses often feature Awns as in Rye Grass, though perhaps Barley is the most easily recognised example in nature. Awns are particularly beneficial in assisting the seeds of grain heads to burrow into the soil and germinate.

The upper angle between a leaf stalk and the stem where new buds and stems arise.

A bud that emerges just above the axil of a leaf (where it attaches to the stem).  The bud can be either for a flower or leaf. 

Biological insecticide that kills caterpillars but is harmless to the environment and higher warm blooded animals.

To fill in a planting hole around the newly planted roots with soil.

The residue from sugarcane after the sweet liquid has been extracted.  Often used as garden mulch, in manufacturing building materials or as a bio-fuel.

A soil-less young plant lifted from a seedbed for transplanting, as opposed to a module or potted plant.

The dead woody tissue on the exterior of a trunk.  It provides protection from inclement weather along with pests and diseases and is permanently renewed from within.

In plants that form rosettes, the basal leaves are those that arise directly from the crown of the plant, and which often differ from leaves arising from the stem.

Leaves that emerge from either the base or the crown of a plant.

Plants, often annuals, that have been prepared for mass planting in flower beds or borders.  Mixed borders will often feature swathes of vibrant colours, planted from bedding plants previously raised in glasshouses.

Insects that help rather than hinder gardening efforts. They may do this by pollinating flowers, by eating harmful insects or parasitising them, or by breaking down plant material in the soil, thereby releasing its nutrients. Some insects could be considered both harmful and beneficial, e.g.: butterflies, which are lovely in their adult form but destructive when in their caterpillar form.

A plant grown from seed that under normal conditions takes two years to complete its life cycle, developing a leafy tuft or rosette the first season then flowers, seeds and dies the second year.

Forked or having two parts

Where the primary leaflets are divided into two - or secondary leaflets

A flower that has both stamens and pistils.

To exclude light from plants or parts of plants to render them white or tender. Often this practice is utilised for cauliflower, endive, celery, leeks and rhubarb.

A fast spreading bacterial or fungal disease causing patches on leaves or stems to die.  If left untreated it can cause entire plant death.

An organic fertiliser made from dried blood and crushed bones that is naturally slow release and provides a rich combination of nutrients that will benefit all plants.  

Australian natives in particular prefer this fertiliser as it is high in nitrogen and calcium but has lower levels of phosphorous.  It improves soil structure and drainage, promotes micro-organisms in soil and encourages worms.  It can be purchased in liquid form but is always best when applied in granular form and raked in to the top soil before a final spray of water.

It's caused by a deficiency in calcium, a water-soluble element. Tomato plants that suffer from water stress or extreme fluctuations in moisture are prime candidates for blossom-end rot. 

Other conditions that make tomatoes susceptible are cool, humid weather, compacted soil, and high levels of ammonia or potassium in the soil. 

Prevent by keeping soil evenly moist and well mulched. Add lime if you have an acidic pH and low calcium; add gypsum if your soil is alkaline and calcium-deficient.--

A garden that features moisture loving plants.  It tends to have permanently moist but not sodden soil.  

The most commonly grown plants being Gunnera manicata, Zantedeschia aethiopica (Arum Lily), Lythrum salicaria (Purple Loosestrife), Ligularia, Iris, Rodgersia pinnata, Astilbe chinensis, Cornus alba, Salix, Typha, Ranunculus and Hemerocallis.

Running to seed, flowering prematurely, usually due to heat. Leaf products are discouraged from bolting by removal of flower heads.  Bolting often includes a sudden lengthening of stems as they flower and then produce seed-pods.  

The art of growing miniature plants by trimming the roots - introduced to the world by the Japanese and now popular the world-over.  A skill that takes many years and often decades to bear its fullest results.

A flower bed that surrounds a lawn or house or sits alongside a pathway often planted with mixed annuals for spectacular displays.  N.B. the mixed border is perhaps Britain's greatest contribution to the garden world.

Insecticide , such as rotenone and pyrethrum, derived from a plant. Most botanicals biodegrade quickly and have low toxicity to mammals.

The international, scientific name of a plant, agreed upon by botanists to apply uniquely to a particular species, and denoting its relationship to other, similar plants. 

The Latin name consists of two parts: the first, called the generic name, as it states the genus to which the plant belongs; and the second, called the specific name as it describes the species to which the plant belongs. If there is a variety or cultivar name as well, it follows the specific name. 

In written form, the generic name is capitalised, while neither the specific nor the varietal name is not; all are italicised (though this is practiced less these days). A cultivar name, if used, should be non-italic and enclosed within single quotation marks.

Also known as grey mold or the Noble Rot (viniculture). A fungal disease that is promoted by cool, moist weather. Symptoms appear as water soaked, blighted areas on flowers, stems or leaves with a moldy grey growth, hence the common name. 

Control by removing all infected plant parts and making sure the plants have sufficient room so that good air circulation is maintained around them.

A leaf that seems part of the flower cluster of a plant, or in the case of plants with insignificant flowers, may substitute for it in appearance by its bright coloring. Bougainvilleas are an example of wonderfully colorful bracts, while the actual flowers tend to very small, cream in colour and less conspicuous.

A side branch arising from an axillary bud.

This is the stage of growth in a plant when the bud breaks through the protective layers of bud scales

Refers to sowing seeds over a larger area, using sweeping motions of the hand, releasing the seeds slowly and evenly.  There are also machines that will broadcast seeds more accurately and with less physical effort.  The term is used to differentiate from sowing seeds in drills or furrows.

Epiphytic, herbaceous plants of the Bromeliaceae family that are found mainly in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas.

A dormant, immature shoot from which leaves or flowers may develop.  It is protected by 'bud scale' which is a small, waxy, specialised leaf.

A dormant bud in the axil of a leaf that is used for propagation in bud-grafting.

In grafting this is the usually swollen junction between the understock and the top variety that has been grafted to it.

An underground storage organ consisting of a thin, flattened stem section surrounded by layers of fleshy and dried leaf bases and with roots attached to its bottom.  

A bulb will collect and store energy, particularly for spring flowering plants that need to burst into life after a long, cold winter where they will have had no chance to take-on nutrients.

Small bulb-like organ which sometimes forms in place of flowers.

An underground bulbil.

Calcium is an important soil tonic and it helps improve structure and bind organic and inorganic particles together. Calcium is also used at the growing points of plants to strengthen the cell membranes and to neutralize toxic materials. An easy way to add calcium to your soil is to use crushed empty egg shells.

A term used in propagation of succulents and cactii where an off-shoot is prized off or cut off leaving a wet end to be planted.  

It is unadvisable to plant like this so it is recommended to let the cutting ‘callous-off’, meaning to encourage a hard skin to form when it is left in a dry, airy location.  

When the cutting has sealed itself off then it can be planted in a very well draining soil.  This process helps protect the cutting from harmful bacteria entering,  causing it  to rot.  N.B. succulents like dry conditions.

Is a protective covering of hardened and thickened material that grows over the damaged area of the plant. N.B. Callous is an adjective meaning  being hardened or thickened, while Callus is a noun.

Collective name for all the sepals of a flower, the modified leaves which surround and protect flower buds.

Term to describe flowers that bell or cup shaped with a broad base.

The arching, woody but slightly flexible stem of a plant - as in raspberries and blackberries.  Abelia are an example of plants with cane-like stems that are not fruit bearing.

Dead cells on the branches or trunk of a woody plant - tree or shrub.

Inflorescent often mistaken for a single flower head. It consists of two florets types; the Ray Floret that is often mistaken for a petal and Disc Floret found in the centre. All members of the Asteraceae family have this kind of inflorescence.

The dry fruit of grasses

A droopy cluster of stalkless and often unisexual flowers.

A term in chemistry (particularly relating to fertilisers) to describe metallic ions that have been bonded or attached to larger molecules called ligands.  These generally refer to the main trace elements of manganese, magnesium, copper, iron and zinc which are naturally insoluble.  

When chelated they become water soluble therefore allowing plants to take them up through their roots.  It also protects them from oxidisation which will also restrict their bio-availability. 

Generally, chelated fertilisers will be more easily taken up by a plant and they may also assist in releasing locked-up trace elements in the soil.

A plant formed of the tissues of two different species mingled together. It generally shares the characteristics of the two parents.

Placing seed potatoes in a dry, airy box in bright light (but frost free) to encourage them to sprout before planting.  Chitting helps the tuber produce strong, stubby shoots prior to planting which in turn then help the crop mature quickly and therefore increase harvest yields.

The green pigment (found in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts of algae and plants) that absorbs energy from sunlight and transforms it (via photosynthesis) to sugars from the carbon dioxide and water that has been taken up.

Yellowing of leaves due to nutrient deficiency, most commonly due to a lack of nitrogen or to indicate a virus attack.   It is caused by the plant not producing enough chlorophyll, the substance that helps generate energy from sunlight.

A modified, flattened stem that functions as a leaf  by assuming photosynthetic functions. Easter cactus are a good example.  Also sometimes referred to as ‘cladophylls’ or ‘hylloclades’.

A plant that climbs on its own, using twining, gripping pads, tendrils or some other method to attach itself to structures or other plants. Plants that need to be trained to a support are properly called trailing plants, not climbers.

A portable transparent plant cover or tunnel to protect seedlings or young plants from frosts, cold winds or large pests - like possums or vermin. 

The use of cloches allows the sowing of some crops many weeks ahead of time, especially in late winter or spring. They can be made of framed glass or plastic over ribbed frames.  ‘Cloche’ is the French word for ‘bell’.

Plants that originate by vegetative propagation from a single plant and are, as a result, genetically identical to one another.

Similar to a cloche but not portable, it is an low enclosing structure with a transparent top that protects young plants from cold while getting them established - otherwise known as hardening off (prior to planting out).

Cold frames often have hinged tops to allow air flow during the day, but be closed at night.

Crops From the cabbage family, plants of the genus Brassica, including: cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage and turnips. Hence the German veggie Kohlrahbi,

A plant name other than the scientific or botanical name.  These are names given to plants that originate from the local culture and will vary from location to location.  Some common names have been applied to numerous different plants of over time and geographic location.  

This was the key motivation for Swedish botanist, Carl Linnaeus to formalise binomial nomenclature - the creation of botanical names usually based on Latin or Greek words and used worldwide.

A flower head made up of many small flowers e.g. Lilac (Syringa).

Fully decayed vegetable matter with the appearance of soil that is used to improve both the texture and fertility of garden soil.  Make it in your own garden - from your kitchen scraps and garden waste - along with a little patience.

A leaf made up of two or more leaflets.  e.g. a leaf is separated into two distinct leaflets, each with its own petiole (but without an axillary bud).

A cone bearing tree of the pine family that is usually (but not always) evergreen.  They have needle shaped leaves and a woody bracted cone. They include cedar, Douglas-fir, cypress, fir, juniper, kauri, larch, pine, hemlock, redwood, spruce, and yew.

A weedkiller that works on contact, like hot water, acids or vinegar causing instant death of soft leaf tissue - as opposed to those that need to be absorbed to kill the plant systemically (which are called Systemic Weedkillers).

The roots contract are found at the top of some tap roots. They pull the plant back into the soil making it harder to remove. Plants that have these roots include Dandelion, Cat's Ear, Ginger.

An underground storage organ consisting of the swollen base of a stem, with roots attached to the underside.  They contain starch to fuel the future growth of the plant during unfavourable conditions. Plant examples include Crocus, Gladioli, Cyclamen and Freesia.

A small, underdeveloped corm, usually attached to a larger corm.  sometimes called daughter corms.

Collective name for all the petals of a flower, as opposed to the sepals.  It comes from the latin word meaning ‘little crown’ (not a small Japanese car).

An inflorescence where are the flowers appear to be the same height. The flowers that appear first at the base of the inflorescence have longer pedicels. Newer flowers produced along the stem have gradually decreasing length pedicels creating a flower clusters that looks flat. 

An example would be Hawthorn (Cratageus).  Though more famously a whole genus is named as such - Corymbia or Bloodwoods which are part of the greater Eucalyptus family.

The seed leaves, which are present before germination, as distinct from true leaves, which develop after germination. Flowering plants (angiosperms) can have one (monocots) or two (dicots).

Usually a grass or legume planted to control weeds and erosion and is turned under while green to add organic matter and nutrients to the soil.

Term to describe flowers that are shaped like a shallow bowl, poppies are a good example of these.

A plant that grows across the ground and up walls and fences. It sends out rootlets with sticky pads from the stem that allow it to attach to the walls eg. English Ivy

Hard, chunky objects like stones, pebbles or broken clay pot pieces that are placed in the base of a pot to keep the soil away from the drain-hole and aid drainage.  Rough, vegetative materials like chopped up twigs can also be used for short term potting.

The fertilisation of the ovary on one plant with pollen from another plant, producing a progeny with a new genetic makeup distinct from either parent.

The base of a plant, where stem and root join, usually, but not always at ground level.  It produces buds that are the source of shoots, adventitious roots, rhizomes, and stolons.

The stem of a bamboo plant.

Variety strictly raised through horticultural processes, rather than in nature. Its name is not part of the Latin name but tacked on the end in inverted commas.  e.g. Taxus baccata ‘Variegata’.  Strictly speaking, vegetable varieties should be known as cultivars.  The term comes about from the combination of two words ‘cultivation’ and ‘variety’.

A piece of leaf, stem or root removed from a plant and prompted to develop into a new plant, genetically identical to the parent plant.  It is they key element in asexual reproduction of plants (vegetative reproduction).  Also known as a propagule, stem cuttings can be from herbaceous, softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood plants.

The larvae of several species of moths (including bogong moths) that pupate just beneath the surface of the soil. While in the larval stage they emerge at night and "cut down" seedlings, then devour them, leaving no evidence beyond the severed stem. 

Control is by putting one inch tall collars around the stem of newly set transplants so that the cutworms can't get to them

Term to describe flowers that have a deep bowl or wine-glass shape, as seen in tulips.

An inflorescence where the oldest flower is the terminal flower and all other flowers grow laterally below it.

Any of a number of fungal diseases which attack seedlings, causing the stem to wither at the soil line, collapsing the plant. 

There is no good cure for affected plants, but any remaining plants can be saved by removing all the diseased material and moving the seedlings to a warm, bright, airy location. Proper thinning and avoidance of over watering, especially during cloudy periods is the best preventive measure.

Sunlight that is not direct but has been filtered through semi shading materials like tree canopies.  Many plants do not handle extended periods of direct sunlight but do like bright conditions.  Dappled light is often the best compromise and can be light or heavily dappled.

Dormant daylily varieties 'die back' each year and go dormant. The dried stems and leaves can be left on the plant for protection from cold, or gathered and composted. They will tend to grow new leaves whenever the temperatures warm through the winter or early spring. The roots of dormant daylilies are hardy.

Evergreen and semi-evergreen daylily varieties keep their leaves throughout the winter in warmer areas. These daylilies retain their attractive leaves down to -8C.  At -20C, top growth may die back, but roots are hardy.

Flowers stay open after dusk, great for the evening stroll on the patio. Often termed 'night blooming' daylilies.

One or more flushes of flowers follow later in the same summer, especially in warmer climates.

The removal of individual, spent flowers from a plant for the purpose of preventing senescence and thus prolonging bloom. For effective results, the ovary behind the flower must be removed as well.

A plant that drops its leaves in autumn, with new growth emerging in springtime. e,g, not evergreen. Though many deciduous plants can become partially evergreen in warmer climates e.g. shed and grow leaves regularly throughout the year.

Means to cause to dry up.  Insecticidal soaps tend to dessicate their target bugs.

Plant growth habit in which stems stop growing at a certain height and produce a flower cluster at the tip. Determinate tomatoes are short, early, have a concentrated fruit set and do not require staking.

Is a powder made from fossilised algae that is high in silica, found as a sediment in water.  It is used in gardening to kill unwanted insects, having its effect by dehydrating them.  

It is also useful as an addition to indoor potted plant soils to enhance drainage and improve aeration - similar to the effects of Perlite.

A tool, often made of wood, shaped like a carrot and used to make holes in soil for seed or seedling planting.  They may also have depth markings on the side to assist in making holes of even depth.

Any plant that has two cotyledons, or seed leaves.

The death of new tips or shoots due to root damage, pests or disease. The plant will still be alive but just the new, softer growth can die back as the plant reserves its energies to mend those sick or damaged parts.

Having male and female sex organs on separate plants.

A form of asexual reproduction in plants involving the breaking or cutting apart of the crown for the purpose of producing additional plants, all genetically identical to the parent plant.  

Examples include many bulb plants like daffodils and tulips, or plants that produce many offsets/pups like Bromeliads, or root/crown combinations like Spathiphyllums.

The period of rest for a plant during which it shows no sign of life but is still alive e.g. hibernating. It also refers to seeds before they sprout e.g. they contain life potential but are temporarily completely inactive.  

A well known example are roses that become dormant over winter and can be sold ‘bare-rooted’ during that period.

A flower with more than the normal number of petals, sepals or florets; in some cases petals or staminodes may replace stamens. A double form may be designated botanically by flore pleno, plena or pleniflora.

A shallow furrow or trough in the soil into which seeds are sown. Often made with a broad single tined hoe with the aid of a planting line for straightness.

The circular area under a tree from the trunk to the outside tips of the branches e.g. where the bulk of the rain run-off will fall to the ground. This generally coincides with the greatest density of fine roots which are most efficient at taking up moisture.  The drip-line is therefore the best location to add fertilisers.

Plants that have been altered by selective breeding to produce a smaller or shorter variety than their native species.  This does not necessarily mean that the plant will be miniature in size - it just has to be shorter than the original, so a dwarf variety could be 10m tall while the original is 20m tall.

To pile soil up around a plant to either protect it from cold, encourage more tuber growth e.g. potatoes or to artificially retain a white stem e.g. Celery

Dwarf varieties or low, compact plants that are used for the front of a border, or for planting along paths or steps to accentuate the edge.

The dormant, immature plant within each seed. The 'germ' referred to in wheat germ.

Meaning 'all together' - as used when referring to large plantings of the same species, especially in flower borders where large swathes of colour can create a stunning effect.  We say that they are ‘planted en masse’.  

N.B. this is a French term with two distinctly separate words and the second word must include an ‘e’ as the last letter, as in French.  It is often spelled incorrectly.

The food storage tissue within a seed generally made up of starches but can also include oils and protein.  Sometimes the complete endosperm is absorbed into the new plant while cotyledons can also contribute through photosynthesis to nourish the embryo as it germinates.

The outermost layer of cells in herbaceous plants taking the form of a waxy cuticle to provide protection against mechanical injury or infection and moisture loss.

Roots that absorb moisture and nutrients from the air.  Epiphytic plants grow on other plants and use them for support only (as opposed to parasitic plants that steal food from the host). Examples of epiphytes are Orchids and some Bromeliads like Aechmea fasciata or Tilandsia usneoides (Spanish Moss).

To train plants, like fruit trees, shrubs or vines in a flat plane e.g. against a wall.  It is a scientific and artistic practice started in ancient Rome.  It is a French word being derived from the Italian ‘Spalliera’ meaning ‘having something to rest the shoulder against’.

A period of time for a newly planted plant to become self sufficient, or settled in.  When newly planted it may need extra watering or support against the wind for short periods.

A plant that retains its leaves for most or all of an annual growing cycle.

A plant whose flowers or foliage can be prepared for dried arrangements (and hold their main characteristics) and hence be everlasting. Paper Daisies or Straw Flowers (Bracteantha bracteata) are a classic example

Plants grown outside a their original habitat or area e.g. non-native.  Many plants will survive and prosper when planted in non-native habitats and often be chosen to cultivate because they are so different to native plants.  Care should always be taken to ensure that native flora and fauna are not disadvantaged for the benefit of exotics.

Dormant buds e.g. potatoes

Seeds bred by crossing two distinctly different parent species which create a new, uniform phenotype that carries the characteristics of both parents.  They tend to be purebred, inbred lines and are chosen to produce plants of exceptional vigor and uniformity.  F1 hybrids are the first or filial generation.  Subsequent generations are called F2, F3, F4 etc.

Uncultivated ground.  Productive vegetable beds can be 'left fallow' over winter to allow them to recover maximum fertility and re-balance.  Literal meaning - unproductive.

Group of genera that resemble each other by the combination of characteristics more than any other group.  For example the Asteraceae family contains many genera (plural of genus) that bear similar characteristics e.g. Bellis, Argyranthemum, Calendula, Chamomile - the all are ‘Daisy-Like’.

A term for a young (one year old) tree (usually fruit tree) that has produced a few side branches but is still very tender and likely to be purchased to train or espalier.  If it has just one centre leader stem and no branches it is known as a 'Maiden Whip'.

A vascular plant that doesn't produce flowers but reproduces by wind blown spores.  Most ferns prefer indirect light and are therefore often found in under-storey locations.  

They provide many benefits to an ecosystem including shelter for small creatures and micro-organisms along with chemical sequestration.  Ferns are amongst the most ancient of all plantlife.

Fusion of male and female reproductive cells in the ovule after pollination.

A root system that branches in all directions with no primary root. New roots grow from the crown of the plant, they are not thick or woody and tend to be a similar width and length.

Thread - like stem on which the pollen bearing anther is held. See Anther.

Amn inert material added to fertilisers to make them easy to spread or to slow their dispersal e.g. wood dust can add extra body making it easier to handle or wax can slow the absorption of nutrients for even and elongated effect (slow release pellets).

One of many small flowers in a dense flower cluster.

A term applied to plants that produce on-going flushes of multi-headed flowers (clusters).  Floribunda roses were bred from crossing Polyantha and Tea Roses.

A term used for fruit bearing cane plants that will take a year or two to produce their first flowers and fruits e.g. raspberries and blackberries.

The commercial level of study, cultivation, growing and selling of flowers and foliage plants.

A plant that flowers profusely.

The part of the plant containing the reproductive organs usually surrounded by sepals and petals.

A rapid burst of floral or foliage growth.

Fertilisation of plants through application of a fine mist directly to the leaves containing diluted soluble fertiliser, such as fish emulsion or kelp but can also include mainstream nutrients like nitrogen.

To bring a plant into earlier growth, generally by raising the temperature or by transplanting into a warmer situation. Tulips and paperwhites are examples of popularly forced plants.  Forcing jars are also used to produce elongated rhubarb stalks.

A garden designed with an emphasis on symmetry, strong lines, geometric repetition featuring both straight and curved lines.  Low hedging is a major feature providing clear and defined boundaries around colourfully planted small spaces.  Parterre gardens are examples of larger formal designs while Knot Gardens follow similar patterns on a smaller scale.  

Hedging tends to be Buxus (Box) or Taxus (Yew) with the latter much favoured for topiary which can be used as geometric punctuation points or as ornamental features.  The British and French are masters of this art while the Japanese have perfected Niwaki topiary of Pine.

Formal garden design was much favoured in Europe for centuries until English landscape architect, William Kent swept it all away favouring rolling landscapes with walking paths and water features (subsequently championed by Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown).

Soil of a crumbly texture, able to be worked easily - neither too much clay or sand but a well balanced soil structure, that drains well yet retains adequate moisture through composted components.

A Frond is a combination of leaf and stem. e.g. Fern or Palm

A plant that cannot withstand freezing temperatures.

A fruit is the seed-bearing product in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering.

A false fruit is formed from an inferior ovary and other part of the flower - in most cases the receptacle eg. Apple, Pear, Strawberry and Pumpkin

A true fruit is formed from the ovary eg. Cherry, Plum and Orange

Any chemical material capable of killing fungi. Sulfur and Copper sulfate are two common mineral fungicides.

Term to describe flowers having a tubular base that widen from base to top, the petal lobes can be quite large and turn back as seen in Hibiscus flowers.

Abnormal outgrowth of plant tissue around an insect nest, parasite, fungi or virus infected area.  This is usually a rounded in shape and similar to a benign tumour or wart and generally provides no threat to the overall health of the plant.

A group of related species, each of which is distinct and unlikely to cross with any other. In the standard classification, a group of Genera forms a Family, and a group of Families an Order.

Fruits that ripen below ground with the flowers borne above ground.  It is rare but most prevalent in tropical or semi-desert or areas.  The most famous example is the Peanut.

A herbaceous plant that perennates (keeps alive through on-going seasons) by using underground buds as in bulbs, corms and tubers.  Examples are potatoes and onions.

The initial sprouting stage of a seed, spore or other reproductive body - generally after a period of dormancy.  It is generally instigated by the absorption of water or warmer temperatures or even just the passing of time e.g. seasonal.

A surface free from hair - smooth, bald, shaved or hairless.  This term is used for plants that never have hairs.  If a plant has hairs initially but then loses them (like many male humans) then this is referred to as glabrescent.

Covered with a powdery, blue-gray-green finish e.g. grapes.

Of spherical shape, generally flower heads.

Method of propagation by which an artificial union (joint) is made between parts of different individual plants. e.g. getting two plant stems to grow (fuse) together into one.

A crop of growing plants, such as rye grass or legumes that is ploughed under while still green and allowed to decay and enrich the soil. Nitrogen is the key nutrient added through this process.

A structure to allow the gardener to regulate climatic conditions - like heat, humidity and airflow etc.  Originally called glasshouses they feature maximum surface transparency and good ventilation controls.

In the 19th century as glass became more available Greenhouses appeared in many kitchen gardens to raise seedlings or more exotic fruits.  Although first seen in Italy in the 13th century, modern greenhouses became popular after Charles Bonaparte built one in Leiden, Holland in the mid 1800's.

Today greenhouses are made from a variety of materials with polycarbonate sheets replacing the more brittle glass panes - hence the change of name from glasshouse to greenhouse.

A low-growing plant that either:- #1. spreads rapidly either through seeds or by underground stems that form new plants. or #2. be of prostrate form creating horizontal top growth that layers into new plants. Examples include Ajuga reptans, Geranium, Ceratostigma, Lamium maculatum, Phlox subulata etc.

A soil replacement like Perlite, Wood residues, Bagasse or Peat for getting plants going.

Seed producing plants like conifers and cycads where the seed is ‘naked’ e.g. no ovule (protective shell).

A mineral of calcium sulphate that will help break down clay, thereby improving soil drainage.  It is also used to add calcium to the soil without affecting the pH.

The natural shape or form that a plant makes when left to its own devices.

Plants that can naturally cope with salt or alkaline conditions.  Only around 1% of all plants are naturally halophytic - examples include Warrigal Greens (Tetragonia tetragonoides), Spartina alternifolia and Mangrove trees

The process of gradually exposing seedlings started indoors to outdoor conditions before transplanting.

The ability of a plant to withstand winter cold, especially frosts; often expressed in terms of geographic zones which work for both hemispheres - just inverted.

The dead wood in the centre of a tree trunk that is usually loaded with tannins giving it a darker colour.  This hard and sometimes aromatic wood is very resistant to decay and structurally strong.  The other wood in the mid to outer layers of the trunk is called sapwood.

The temporary burying of the roots of newly dug plants to prevent their drying until the new planting site is prepared.

A term applied to plant varieties or cultivars that have been in common cultivation for over 50 years, though some may maintain it needs to be at least double that.  It generally refers to plants that were cultivated for human consumption (fruit and vegetables) by smallholding farmers in rural communities.  

In recent times food production has become more of an industrialised monocultural exercise to maximise consistency and profits.  In contrast to that many small holders and keen gardeners now seek out heirloom varieties that may yield variable crops, but they tend to be more tasty and nutritious.

The term generally refers to a plant that does not have a woody stem and is grown for its medicinal or flavoring properties or for its scented foliage. A shortening of herbaceous.  They generally have soft leaves which bear fragrant oils.

Vascular plants that do not develop woody stems and die back to the ground in winter. Generally applied to non-woody annual, biennial and perennial plants.  Generally herbaceous plants produce flowers but those that do not include ferns and lycophytes.

A chemical that is used for killing or inhibiting the growth of unwanted plants. Selective herbicides target certain plant species to kill them, leaving other surrounding plants unharmed.  Non-selective herbicides kill every plant they touch.  

Contact herbicides are absorbed through the foliage while Systemic herbicides are absorbed by the roots and travel up through the plant killing it from the inside.

An animal that eats plants.

The closed and ripened receptacle (floral cup or hypanthium) of a rose that contains the seeds. They are often brightly colored and are removed by keen gardeners to save the plant energy that can be used instead for repeat flowering. (deadheading).  

Rose hips are sometimes edible and can contain high levels of vitamin C and are often used to make nutritious jams, jellies, infusions and wine.

Are backward facing thorns that grow from the leaf axil and help the plant climb. These can be seen on Bougainvillea.

The term includes the art, science, technology and business of the cultivation of plants for ornament or food. It also includes landscape design, construction, maintenance, restoration along with the conservation of plants and arboriculture.

A centuries old practice from Germany where woody debris like old tree trunks and roots were piled up into long mounds and covered with soil and other composted materials.  

Plants, particularly vegetables, can then be planted in and on this mound where they will enjoy all the advantages of raised garden beds e.g. warmer soil, better soil aeration, better drainage along with the extra nutrients that come from the base materials decomposing.

N.B. do not use treated pine as it contains poisonous substances like chrome, copper and arsenic.

Partly or wholly decomposed vegetable and/or animal matter that contains many living bugs and enzymes. It is an important constituent of healthy garden soil and assists drainage while retaining enough moisture for plants to access.  Humus is the latin word for ‘ground’ or ‘earth’.

A plant resulting from a cross between two distinctly different parents - this can be a naturally occurring cross or involve human intervention.  It will exhibit traits from each parent.  

An example is a Tangelo - being a cross between two citrus species, in this case Lime and Kumquat.  It is possible to have more than two plants providing parentage - as in the case of the Jostaberry created from three species in the same genus.

The transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant species to the stigma of another species. In most cases the species are of the same genus. The hybrids tend to be sterile and grow faster and bigger than their parents.

A plant modified to grow in or on the surface of water - in aquatic environments.  They can also be referred to as macrophytes in order to differentiate from algea and other microscopic plants.  Examples include Water Lilies and Sedge.

A method of growing plants in running water - without soil. Plant nutrients are fed into the circulating waters.  This is a highly efficient method of growing certain types of plants, like salad crops and herbs, saving a lot of space and water usage while producing much larger yields.

A plant positioned in amongst other plants to indicate the need for nutrients, water or the presence of disease.  Coleus (in bright light) and Spathiphyllum (in shade) will quickly show if the soil needs additional water.

Collective name for a group of individual flowers. The grouping can take many forms: a spike, where the blooms are closely packed along a vertical stem; an umbel or a corymb, where the blooms form a flattened dome; the complex hierarchical arrangement called a panicle, or the tightly packed disc flowers in the center of a daisy, called a capitulum.

A specially formulated soap that is only minimally damaging to plants, but that kills insects primarily causing their outer shell to crack, which causes the insect's interior organs to dry out.

Any material that kills insects. There are numerous botanical and mineral powders that are toxic to insects, as well as biodegradable chemicals such as insecticidal soaps.  Insecticides can include ovicides and larvicides which directly kill eggs and larvae.  

There are two types - #1. Contact, which tend to have low or no residual activity #2. Systemic which are absorbed by the plant to kill the insects over time when they eat the plant or drink the sap.

One crop that is grown between the rows of another.   The term is also used to describe the practice of alternating the plants of two crops within a single row, like slow growing cauliflower and faster growing lettuce.

The part of a stem that is in between nodes.

Describing plants that spread out of control through runners, seeds or rhizomes - like Mint, Agapanthus, some grasses, Calendula, Barberry, Nandina domestica, Prickly Pear and many others.  

There are currently around 2,700 invasive species in Australia with the number increasing by around 8-10% a year.

One or more whorls of bracts surrounding an inflorescence, or at the base of an umbel.  A membranous envelope.  Common in members of the Asteraceae family (Daisies).

Integrated Pest Management is the practice of controlling rather than eradicating pests.  It is done by a combination of activities including 1. choosing the right plants for the local environment 2. optimising growing conditions 3. Using organic remedies against the pests 4. attracting beneficial bugs, insects and animals into garden to provide an extra layer of protection.

A French word which originally means a female gardener, though it now is mainly used as a term for a decorative flower box or planter.  These are often ceramic and used as table centrepieces.  

An alternative meaning is for a dish that is cooked containing a mixture of spring vegetables.

Hardwood from the eucalyptus marginata which is used for furniture making and when kept oiled it has a wonderful red colour with deep grain.

A plant that is not yet mature enough to produce flowers and/or fruit.  Some plants may take multiple seasons before they produce flowers as they are building overall strength and of course root growth to support the energy flows required to flower or fruit.

The two united anterior petals of a papilionaceous flower.

A type of seaweed that makes excellent fertiliser - either collect your own or look in the GardensOnLine "Product Search" and enter "Fertilisers".  Seasol, amongst others is made from kelp.  

If you collect your own seaweed when beach-walking then make sure you wash it thoroughly under the tap before putting it on your compost - salt is not a friend of plants.

The essential part of a seed - anything within a shell, husk or integument which can include starches as well as the actual seed.  In general terms a kernel is the core.  e.g. the seeds of grains.

Traditionally a walled space divided into growing beds that are sometimes surrounded by low box hedges.  Each enclosed space being dedicated to the growing of individual vegetable or fruit crops.  

Many old European kitchen gardens would feature espaliered fruit trees against the south facing walls in order to take advantage of the stored heat from the sun.  In the 19th century as glass became more available Greenhouses appeared in many kitchen gardens to raise seedlings or more exotic fruits.  

Knot Gardens are like Parterres in that they feature geometric enclosed spaces, surrounded by low but box hedges, with the centre areas often featuring colourful plants like summer annuals or spring bulbs.  Knot gardens usually have gravel pathways running in between the hedged enclosures.  

The term ‘Knot’ comes from the creative hedge clipping of crossing lines appearing to be woven or knotted strands.  Patterns are generally very symmetric, geometric and resemble the intricate carvings of ancient Persia.  Real Knot Gardens tend to be small, while Parterres like Chateau Chenonceau are much larger.

Term to describe zygomorphic flowers where one or more petals fuse to form a lip as in some members of the Fabaceae family. In some case the the petals may form two lips (Bi-labiate) as seen in Westringia flowers.

Also known as an axillary bud. The bud located where the leaf petiole meets the stem.

A layer of dead or dying grass, leaves and roots that can strangle a lawn, restricting air and water ingress.  Lawn thatches need to be removed by scarifying - preferably followed by aerating.

A method of propagation in which a stem is induced to send out roots by lightly injuring the skin or bark and then surrounding it with moist soil.

The loss of nutrients from the downward movement of them when dissolved in water.  A positive outcome of leaching can however be when salts leach out of soil.

The angle between the petiole of a leaf and the stem to which it is attached.

The mark left on the stem when the leaf falls.

A term referring to sudden stem growth causing the plant to become more straggly and open than normal.  This can often be caused by insufficient direct sunlight, but also happens (particularly) in roses in autumn.

These are small pores along the stem, they allow gases to move in and out e.g. oxygen in and carbon dioxide and water vapour out.

These are modified stems found in many but not all banksia and eucalyptus. These tuberous swellings lie dormant until the plant dies and then develop buds and the plant regenerates. After a bush fire the new growth close to the base of the plant is likely to be growing from a lignotuber.

A rock powder consisting primarily of calcium carbonate that is used to raise the pH or to decrease the acidity of acid soils.

An term, usually denoting a rich soil composed of clay (20%), sand (40%) and humus (40%).  If these ratios vary then the soil can be described as ‘Sandy Loam’, ‘Clay Loam’ or ‘Silty Loam’.  A good loam soil will retain more nutrients and moisture while being well drained and aerated

A leaf whose margin is shallowly divided.  Palmately lobed leaves (like Maples) have lobes spreading radially from a point, like fingers on a hand.

Magnesium is a metallic component of chlorophyll which helps plants to synthesise sunlight into sugars (energy).  It also acts as a phosphorous carrier and is essential for phosphate metabolism.

A basal cane or a strong lateral cane.  In everyday terms a main shoot is often really just a main stem.

The edge of a leaf.  A smooth edged leaf is called an ‘Entire Margin’ e.g. Beech Tree.  A serrated margin features regular points facing forwards like teeth of a saw e.g. Sweet Chestnut.

A plant that is old enough to produce blooms and seeds.

Any growing point of both root and stem on a plant, where active cell division is taking place. There are both apical and axillary meristems.

The spongy inner tissue of a leaf, functionally similar to the cortex of stems and roots, where the raw materials - carbon dioxide and water vapor are held during the process of photosynthesis within the adjacent palisade cells.

The climatic conditions of a particular garden or site, taking into account degree of shade, wind, humidity, and rainfall.  These overall conditions may vary to neighbouring areas due to an excess/dearth of water, vegetation, elevation etc.

The primary rib or mid-vein of a leaf or leaflet.

All species of microscopic fungi that grow in the form of multicellular filaments on leaf or stem surfaces.  Often referred to as Powdery Mildew, it affects a wide range of plants appearing as a layer of white, powdery substance, or spots.  Application of Baking Soda is a well known contact remedy.

A chemical that will kill mites - which are tiny arachnids found in large numbers sucking the life out of foliage from the undersides.  They are so small the damage they cause is sometimes confused with disease. 

Any plant (angiosperm) that has only one cotyledon, or seed leaf. See the opposite being Dicot.

Having separate male and female sex organs on the same plant. e.g. Betula (Birch), Quercus (Oak), Pine (Pinus), Cucumis sativus (Cucumber), Cucurbita pepo, Squash), Juglans (Walnut), Ficus (Fig), Sweetcorn (Zea Mays).

Opposite is Dioecious.

A plant family that contains only one genus which in turn contains only one species. e.g Ginkgo biloba

A protective covering spread over the soil around the base of plants to retard evaporation, control temperature, restrict weed growth and enrich the soil. 

Mulch can be of a variety of materials including pebbles and gravel, but most are organic and will eventually decompose like woodchips, pulverised sugar-cane, leaf-litter, lucerne, pea-straw or compost.

Is the symbiotic relationship between fungi and the roots of a plant - often with beneficial outcomes.  These include the fungi drawing nutrients from the soil and passing them on to the roots of the plant (where the plant may not have good abilities to do so normally).  Mycorrhizae are ancient in the plant world, reckoned to have been around for 400 million years.

Plants indigenous to a specific area or habitat.  Natives occur naturally in a given area, region or ecosystem and have not involved human intervention.

A garden made up of plants that are indigenous to the local area.  Some people think it is unfashionable to have all natives - but it is the best way to attract a lot of birds and good bugs into your backyard.  It also tends to be a more waterwise garden and is less likely to be affected by extreme weather.

An exotic plant that has become established as a part of the flora in an area other than its place of origin.  This generally refers to plants that are not cultivated by humans, or have escaped human control and become established on their own.

Sugary solution secreted by some flowers consisting of sucrose, glucose and fructose. It is used to attract insects and birds which inadvertently pollinate the flower whilst taking the nectar.

An evergreen plant that has needle-like foliage; usually a conifer and does not shed them over winter.  Needles are simply rolled up leaves with an extra protective waxy coating.  By remaining on the plant and conserving their moisture during cold weather they can continue to provide photosynthesis for the plants during those shorter days of winter.

A chemical that will kill nematodes.

A plant parasite (eelworm) that can enrich the soil by assisting organic matter to decompose and also help to mineralise nutrients into more available forms.  They act as bio-control agents by consuming disease causing organisms, but can also do internal or external damage to some plants.  

Nematodes  consist of between 40,000 to 1,000,000 species and have adapted to just about every region of the planet from ocean floors to mountain tops, from deserts to polar regions and account for around 80% of all living creatures on earth.

Nitrogen assists plants in making proteins which are required to produce new tissue. Nitrogen is often in short supply in nature so plants tend to suck up as much as possible when it is available, even if its at the expense of other necessary nutrients. 

So if you over-fertilise with nitrogen, the plant may grow masses of foliage but not produce fruit or flowers. Therefore it is very important to ensure nitrogen is always in balance with other elements and applied at recommended rates.

Small swollen spot on the stem of a plant where both leaf and axial buds grow. Internodal cuttings are taken midway between nodes.

Any plant that has been designated by national or local authorities to be injurious to public health, agriculture, recreation, wildlife or property.

Acronym for the three major plant nutrients contained in manure, compost and fertilisers and used to describe the amounts of each that are readily available.  'N' is for nitrogen,' P' for phosphorus, and' K' for potassium.  N.B. phosphorous is not good for Australian natives in the Proteaceae family in all but small quantities.

Any substance in the soil or in fertilisers which contributes to healthy growth of plants. 

It generally refers to a group of elements including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium that are considered the most important and absorbed in the highest quantities.  Next comes calcium, magnesium and sulphur.  

Then there are trace elements, required in much smaller quantities like iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron and molybdenum

A branch that grows from the main stem of a plant.

A woody branch that is more than one year old.  Propagation techniques often state that cuttings are best taken from hardwood or old wood, generally in winter or periods of dormancy.  Alternatively cuttings may be taken from softwood (where it is still growing and has leaves).

A naturally occuring substance created by plants or animals - e.g. no humans involved.  It is now also used to confirm that no artificial chemicals have been involved in the cultivation of that plant or crop.

A plant grown for its foliage, shape or flowers - not primarily for consumption by humans or animals.  Flowering shrubs or annuals are ornamentals.

The part of a flower containing the ovules that will develop into seeds or fruit upon fertilisation.  Technically it is the enlarged basal portion of the pistil - the female organ of a flower.

Within the ovary, the body which will contain the seed upon fertilization.

A group of cells just beneath the epidermis of the leaf, which contain most of the chlorophyll and are responsible for the photosynthesis.

A leaf that has is lobed, in the shape of a human hand. e.g. lobes radiating from a common point.  Examples include Clover, Horse Chestnut, Maple and Sycamore amongst many other.

Compound raceme made of up smaller racemes. The flower groups closest to the base are the oldest whilst new groups of flowers are produced as the influrorescence continues to grow.  Examples include Oats (Avena sativa), Astilbe, Yucca, Mango, Delonix regia.

It uses another plant to give it support while also taking water and food from the supporting plant causing it to weaken and in extreme cases die.  The reason for this is that they cannot photosynthesise and rely on other plants to do it for them. An example is the Nuytsia floribunda - or the West Australian Christmas Tree.  

An organism that causes disease to its host - like bacteria and viruses - but can also include fungi, protozoa, phytoplasmas, nematodes, parasites and worms. 

The stalk or stem of an individual flower.  A pedicel connects a single flower to an inflorescence.  Flowers with no pedicel are called sessile flowers which arise directly from the stem e.g. Sunflowers.

The main stem supporting an inflorescence of flowers. Each flower will be attached to the penduncle directly or by a short stalk or pedicel. e.g. Artichoke

Any plant that lives more than two or more years (and does not die after flowering once - annual). The term is generally applied only to herbaceous plants, which die back to the ground each year, as opposed to those with persistent, woody stems - though there is a variety of opinion published.

A collective term for all the (non-reproductive) external parts of the flower including the calyx, or sepals, and the corolla, or petals.

A volcanic glass material that has been super-heated to expand dramatically resulting in a very lightweight, inert substance used to assist aeration and some moisture retention in soil and potting mixes.  It can also be used as a growing medium in its own right when initially soaked in water before cuttings are planted in it and enclosed within a sealed plastic bag.

A chemical compound used to kill, repel or control pests that cause damage to vegetable crops or ornamentals.  This can include small insects or larger creatures like rodents and some weeds and fungi.

Coloured leaf like structure (modified leaf) that grows between the sepals and stamens. They tend to be brightly coloured and can also be fragranced to attract pollinators or repel harmful insects.

Stalk that connects the leaf blade to the stem.  Sometimes they can twist to turn the face of the leaf towards the sun.

This is a way to measure the acidity or alkalinity of soil and uses a scale of 0-14 as a measuring guide.  Soil ph is a vital part of good soil husbandry as it affects the availability of nutrients to plants and the ability of micro-organisms to thrive.  A reading of 7.0 is the mid point, or neutral, and therefore beneficial to most plants. Some plants, however, like potatoes, azalea, camellia, gardenia, anemones and rhododendron prefer a more acidic soil in a range from 6.0 to 5.0.

Vascular tissues that carries the soluble organic compounds (food) that is made in the leaves by photosynthesis, to the rest of the plant.

Phosphorous stimulates the growth of roots and helps the plant create buds and flowers. It will also improve overall plant vitality as well as increase the size and potential of the seeds. 

This is achieved by transferring energy from one part of the plant to another e.g. the main body and roots to the seeds as it dies. The presence of organic matter and plenty of natural soil organisms help increase the availability of phosphorus to the plant as does a neutral ph - around 6.5 to 6.8.

Process whereby a plant converts energy from the sun into a storable form of energy. It occurs in the chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll which absorbs energy from the sun and in the presence of carbon dioxide and water converts it to sugar and oxygen.

Flattened petioles that function as a leaf. The phylodes have less stomata and therefore less water is lost by transpiration. Many Acacias have phylodes instead of leaves.

A pattern of flower petal colouration where the edges are of a contrasting color to the main part of the petal.

The removal of a growing tip from a stem which causes any axillary shoots or buds of the stem to develop. This can be at the top of a stem e.g. in shrubs to encourage it to bush out or it could be sideshoots on tomatoes which when removed will encourage a taller, stronger and more productive main plant.

A compound leaf having leaflets arranged on either side of the stem in opposite pairs.  Pinnate means ‘like a feather’.

The female part of the flower. It consists of three parts the Stigma- the pollen receptor, the Ovary and the Style that connects the Stigma to the Ovary

A method of tree pruning that maintains a height and shape smaller than is natural for that plant.  Pruning is often performed at the same point every 2-4 years causing a swollen knuckle where new shoots subsequently always emerge.  Lime trees (Tilia cordata or Tilia x europaea) are very commonly pollarded in the UK.

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. This can be facilitated by animals, birds, humans, wind and water

A plant that has been growing in a pot for extended periods of time e.g. one year plus.  As a result the roots will become very thick and potentially start encircling the pot, searching for more space to grow.  The density of roots will inhibit the ability of water to fully penetrate, with it then taking the easy route down the pot inner surface.  As with moisture, the plant will also potentially be starved of nutrients.

Re-potting doesn't necessarily mean moving to a larger pot, though this is generally a good solution.  Instead you can tease the roots out and trim them back (root pruning) before re-potting.

Potash is a useful addition to soil to counter excess acidity e.g. it is alkaline.  It is also the most popular method to add Potassium in a highly available form.  Potassium is vital in growing healthy and higher yielding veggie crops and flowers - prime examples include roses and tomatoes.  

Due to its alkalinity it should not be used on acid loving plants like Azalea, Rhododendron and Hydrangea.

Potassium is important to improve the overall health and vigor of a plant. It helps make carbohydrates (sugars, which are the source of energy) and also helps provide disease resistance and regulate metabolic activities.

When a seedling is pricked out of its original soil or potting mix and placed into a larger pot to grow on.

Pointed outgrowth of epidermis, they are found randomly on stems and do not grow from the leaf axil. These can be seen on Roses.

The process by which new plants can be created.   The four methods are 1. Sexual (pollination and seeds) 2. Asexual (vegetative cuttings) 3. Layering 4. Grafting.  All require skill and care to create and maintain optimum conditions like heat and moisture throughout the germination and rooting period.  

Once roots and new growth has commenced the new plant can be ‘potted-up’ into a larger container for growing on.  Vegetative cuttings will be ‘clones’ of the parent plant while seed grown plants may have some varying characteristics from its parents.

Meaning laying flat on the ground.  A shrub may be upright or prostrate with the latter generally providing good groundcovers e.g. Juniperus squamata Prostrata.  

Other plants mainly known for upright formats will have a prostate species e.g. Acacia baileyana - a tall and colourful tree also has a close relative in Acacia baileyana ‘Prostrate’.

These are seasonal specialist roots grown in many species in the Proteaceae family. The fine groups of roots develop during the autumn and winter to take advantage of the high levels of nutrients created by the decaying leaves and higher levels of rainfall. The roots last only a few months and then die.

Proteoid roots resemble a bottlebrush in looks, in that small clusters of rootlets form along lateral roots.

Cutting and trimming of stems and branches to re-shape a plant or make it smaller.  Pruning is also performed to remove dead or diseased wood and to encourage new growth and a bushier habit.  Pruning is best carried out in dormant periods e.g. winter or after flowering.  Cuts need to be clean to avoid pest and disease ingress from the wound so tools should have sharp and clean blades accordingly.

Pruning is highly targeted to precise locations on specific stems and branches, while shearing is indiscriminate - as in trimming hedges.  Top pruning tools are secateurs, loppers and pruning saws.

Meaning leaves or stems covered in short, soft, downy hair.  This helps the plant reduce moisture loss while offering a small amount of shade.

A small, almost complete clone or daughter plant that has been produced asexually by the parent plant.  They appear as small versions of the parent and develop at the base of the plant near ground level.  They are very common amongst Succulents and Cactii as well as Bromeliads (generally produced after their once only blooming). 

 Just gently prize them off and re-plant - or they can be left attached where they will feed on the decaying parent as it dies.

N.B. Bulbs, corms and tubers also produce off-sets but these are underground and therefore not included in this description.

The corralling and isolation of a plant from others to prevent spread of disease or insect infestation.  Some Australian states will restrict plant movements e.g. South Australia, West Australia and Tasmania ban movement of plants from the Myrtaceae family across its borders due to Myrtle Rust.

The time that is best in the garden - usually just as dawn is breaking before the neighbours dog wakes up. Also can be when you put your feet up with a cuppa to contemplate a good days work in the garden. 

N.B. there are few other Qs so this is an unabashed filler.

Inflorescence having the oldest flowers opening first at the base whilst more are produced towards the growing tip or apex. Examples include Antirrhinum majus (Snapdragons), Delphinium and Caesalpinia amongst others.

Term to describe flowers with many petals that radiate from the reproductive centre. Not to be confused with daisies and members of the Asteraceae family where each flower is an inflorescence, the centre consisting of many flowers. An example of radiate flowers would be those of the Mesembryanthemum.

An open topped structure to hold large quantities of soil or growing media into which crops of veggies or flowers can be planted.  Most suppliers recommend filling the lower parts with old and decaying wood just to fill the space and save on the purchase of vast quantities of potting mix.  We also recommend adding a few bags of Perlite to assist drainage along with a few bags of animal manure that will end up close to the surface.

Raised beds are popular as they bring the plants up closer to waist level resulting in less stooping to tend to them.  The soil temperatures also tend to be warmer and drainage is better due to its elevation.

Having many branches, e.g. Aechmea ramosa.

Point where the flower head joins the stem. The petals, sepals, stamen and ovary all attach to the receptacle.

Meaning curved downwards or backwards. Recurvata is a term used in plant naming e.g. Beaucarnia recurvata (Ponytail Palm) or the Tilandsia recurvata (Ball Moss).

Tolerant of challenging conditions - not immune, but largely able to cope e.g. resisting pests, diseases, drought or inclement weather

Cellular respiration within the plant. The plant creates energy by breaking down the stored sugars in the presence of Oxygen with the by products being Carbon Dioxide and Water.

A pattern of veins in a leaf that form a regular or net-like pattern e.g. Roses, Hibiscus, Papaya, Mangifera amongst others.

A network of pipes to deliver water to specific areas of gardens.  Often shortened in Australia to ‘Retic’.

A thick underground horizontal stem from which buds and roots develop. Usually persistent from year to year. An example of this would be Irises

The most prominent vein in a leaf.

A plant that may suffer die-back over winter of all parts above the ground while the roots continue to thrive, unaffected underground.

The soil that remains attached to the roots of a plant when it has been dug up for transplanting.  It is beneficial to keep this ball to be as large as possible to protect the small roots which do most of the moisture and nutrient collection for the plant.  

Good practice is to wrap the rootball in hessian and tie it before moving the plant out of its hole.  This way plants can be transported over longer distances and time without too much damage.

A powder or gel containing growth hormones that is applied to cuttings when propagating.  Gels perform two duties 1. to seal the wound 2. supply hormones necessary to promote root growth.  The key constituent is usually Indole-3-Butyric acid which is a chemical form of Auxin, a natural plant hormone.

A crown of leaves all radiating from one central point.  It is the diminutive for of Rose in French

Term to describe flowers that have a short tube at the base the opens into petals that are free from each other as seen in flowers of the Tibouchina.

Rusts are forms of fungal disease mostly affecting leaves but can also be found on stems and sometimes flowers and fruit too.  The spore pustules provide the ochre colouring - hence the name ‘Rust’.  

Applications of Sulphur Dust or Neem Oil are very effective in combating rust - while Baking soda mixed with a small amount of horticultural oil is the best traditional solution.

Term used to describe a flower having a tubular shape base with the petals opening out to form a flat plate as seen in the flowers of Plumbago, Primrose, Phlox and Pentas.

Winged seeds (dried fruits) produced by trees that allows them to disperse over a wider area e.g. Maple, Birch, Ash.

The softer, outer layers of material that make up a branch or trunk that allow sap to move up and down the plant.  Heartwood is the inner, central wood which is dead and much harder.

Very small, soft bodied insects that can vary dramatically in physical appearance though they do tend to protect and disguise themselves by creating a waxy shell under which they live.  They pierce the stem and suck the sap, remaining in place for extended periods.  They exude excess fluid which is sweet, called honeydew on which sooty mould will then grow.  Ants love the honeydew so having scale will most certainly encourage ants.

Contact sprays tend to ineffective due to the protective waxy coating but horticultural oils can be effective as it can suffocate the pest.  Systemic pesticides are also effective as are insecticidal soaps.

Scarifying lawns is an important task to keep them healthy.  It involves removing the thatch, or layers of old grass stems, dead moss and debris that can become compacted over time.  This can restrict water and nutrients getting to the grass roots or even suffocate them.  

Scarifying rakes have sharp tines that will rip out the thatch, though flexible tined lawn rakes will do the job with less effort but be therefore less effective.

Scarify is also a term used in propagation where the outer hard coating of a seeds is scratched to weaken it and therefore make germination easier.

Leaf like structures (modified leaves) that protect the petals during the bud stage and then support them once opened.

Leaf or flower that attaches directly to the stem e.g. Sunflowers.

A woody perennial plant that grows stems directly from the root collar and trunk - as opposed to a tree that produces branches only from the mid to upper parts of the one central trunk.  

N.B. Shrubs can be pruned to become tree-like by removing the lower branches, though it is best if there is a dominant central stem/trunk.  Some shrubs pruned this way will be referred to as ‘Standard’, as in roses.

Have only one lamina or blade for each petiole and are not divided into leaflets.

Fertiliser that has been combined with a slowly decomposing substance like wood dust or waxes to ‘drip-feed’ the primary contents to the plants over time.

Material that may be worked into soil to improve its condition - e.g. lime, compost, animal manures, gypsum, lucerne.

A method of killing weeds by covering them with black plastic sheeting to raise the temperature to such levels that both they and their seeds will be ‘cooked’ and killed.  The downside is that it makes for a very alien environment for other soil dwellers like worms, so they will go elsewhere.

Plants within a species have several characteristics in common, but most importantly, can cross with one another, but not normally with members of another species. The classification of species is quite fluid, with frequent revision by botanists.  

There are estimated to be around 380,000 species of plants.  Some genus have only one species within while others may have hundreds.

A plant that displays all the optimum characteristics of that species - best example of size, shape, foliage colour, flowers etc.

A primitive cell produced by fungi, mosses, ferns, algae and some bacteria which is capable of developing into a new plant, either individually or in conjunction with another spore.

A sport is a spontaneous mutation of part of a plant that shows morphological differences to the rest of the plant. e.g. leaf colour or shape changes, flower or fruit variations and branch structures.  

Some sports can be propagated to create new cultivars though the new characteristics may not be fixed and it can revert back - either wholly or partially.

Providing support for a young or overly flexible plant by tying it to an adjacent stake.  It is always best to tie a plant loosely to its stake to allow some movement in the wind which will encourage development of muscular tissue (wood).  Soft materials used to tie the plant to the stake will also reduce chafing - hessian is a good material to use.

Is the male Part of the flower and consists of the anther that produces the pollen and the filament that holds the anther.

Flowers having showy stamens. There are two types: Conspicuously Staminous - petals and sepals very small as in Melaleuca and Callistemon. Apetalous Staminous - petals and sepals form a cap and are lost when flower opens as in Eucalypts.

A term used for a shrub that has had lower side branches removed so that it appears to have one single trunk (stem) where the foliage and flowers then grow atop.

Term to describe flowers that are star shaped with petals that tend to be separate from each other as seen in the Day Lily.

A stolon (or runner) is an above ground stem that can form adventitious roots when in contact with the ground. Examples of this would include strawberries and some grasses.  Stolons grow above the ground and rhizomes beneath it - both being modified stems for vegetative reproduction.

An organ in a flower that holds the stigma over the ovary.

A plant which stores moisture in its swollen stems or leaves to help it survive in arid conditions. Cactii are a classic example and Aloe is another well know succulent plant.

A shoot or stem that grows from the root of a plant - often after it is damaged by digging closeby. The resulting plant growth is usually weaker than from the main stems and should be cut off so as not to drain the plant of energy.  Roses are prone to suckering.

Chemicals, like pesticides and herbicides, that are absorbed through the roots and leaves to travel into the plant vascular system.  In the case of pesticides they are not harmful to the plant but poison the insects when they chew on the leaves.

N.B. care must always be taken when using systemic pesticides like Confidor and BugKilla as they contain imidacloprid which will be present in the flowers and can harm bees when they feed on the nectar.  Always ensure it is only used when the plant is not due to be in flower for two months, as this is the time it takes to become inactive.

Systemic herbicides like glyphosate (Roundup or Zero) are also absorbed through roots and leaves to then slowly kill the plant from within.

Firming down loose soil using a flat headed tool - particularly after planting seeds.

Plants can develop one primary root that first emerges from the seed.   Lateral roots then grow from the primary root. Tap roots can become thicker and woody, thereby forming a very strong anchor.  Dandelions are the most well known to have taproots.

A modified leaf, stem or stipule that takes on a spiraling or coiling habit to help the plant attach to supporting structures. e.g. grapes, sweet peas, passion flowers, melons.

Bud forming at the growing tip of the stem

The mark left where the previous season terminal bud used to be. The distance between two terminal bud scars indicates a season's growth

A glass container that is planted within using small plants like succulents to resemble a miniature garden.  As there is no drainage out of the container, a drainage layer of gravel is required so the roots do not become waterlogged.

When seedlings have sprouted, after close planting, and it becomes necessary to discard the smaller, weaker ones to allow the stronger ones to thrive.

Grow from the lateral buds in the leaf axil - these are seen on Citrus trees.

Placing or spreading an organic layer of mulch, soil, compost, fertiliser or composted manures onto soil or a lawn and not working it in, but letting the rain and worm activity slowly take it down over time.  Top dressing a lawn can be applied to even out bumpy surfaces.

The pruning of the main stem, growing tip or trunk of a tree or shrub to limit its height.  Topping will invariably encourage bushiness lower down.

Sometimes called micronutrients, these are the essential minerals required by plants in small quantities for healthy growth.  They include:- Zinc, Iron, Copper, Magnesium, Manganese, Calcium, Boron and Molybdenum.  Though naturally occurring, they can often become ‘locked-up’ in the soil, especially if the ph is too high.  Reducing the ph will often improve their bio-availability.  These trace elements can also have their bio-availability improved by being ‘chelated’ - making them soluble.

Loss of water by land plants. This occurs through the stomata most of which are found on the leaves.  Plants lose around 98% of the water they take up through transpiration.

To move a plant from one location to another - taking care to keep a tight rootball will always contribute to success.  It is also a good idea to hydrate the plant well before digging it out, along with a rest in a tub of dilute seaweed tonic like Seasol prior to replanting, which will reduce transplant shock.

A specialised set of calipers that is used to measure the diameter of a tree trunk at breast height (around 140cms from ground).  The term ‘caliper’ is often used amongst forestry professionals for trunk diameter.

An open framework or lattice generally made from wood to assist climbing plants be displayed to their best.

A plant originating from within the tropics (Capricorn and Cancer) preferring wet, warmth (generally never less than 18c) and plenty of humidity.  The four main tropical climates are 1. tropical rainforest, 2. tropical monsoon climate, 3. tropical savanna (dry winter), 4. tropical savanna (dry summer).

A term used for a tight cluster of large flowers - for example Rhododendrons.

An underground storage organ, part of either the stem or the root of the plant. Stem tubers produce multiple buds on their surface from which shoots may grow the following season, while root tubers will sprout only from the point at which they were attached to the stem of the parent.  Examples include potatoes, yams.

Term used to describe a flower with a tube like shape having parallel or almost parallel sides as seen with the Cigar Flower (Cuphea ignea).

A group of flowers where all flowers have the same length pedicel and arise from the same point. This creates a dome shape with all the flowers at the same levels. Agapanthas are a good example of this inflorescence.

The point where the two constituents (scion and stock) are joined for grafting.  This would be tightly bound to minimise movement and ingress of disease.  Grafting unions, once set with be un-bound but the joint will likely remain visible as a bulging area.

Term to describe flowers that are urn shaped with a fatter base narrowing at the mouth before widening slightly. Various species of Erica have these flowers.

Have more that one colour present that can presents as irregular patches or streaks This can apply to both leaves and flowers.  Green and white or green and cream are common combinations.

A strain of plant having distinctive features which persist over successive generations in the absence of human intervention. Generally, ‘Variety’ applies to these naturally occurring strains, while ‘Cultivar’ applies to horticulturally developed strains.

Parts of plants that are consumed by humans and/or animals as food.  Though the term is also used for the entire plant that may contain vegetable parts including flowers, stems, roots and seeds etc.  Origins are Latin ‘vegetabilis’ - meaning growing or flourishing.

Vascular bundles that transport water and food to and from the leaf.

A naturally occurring mineral in the form of glossy, light brown flakes.  It is created from silica base materials and heat treated where it expands like a concertina.  Vermiculite is extremely good at retaining water and nutrients in these internal voids and makes a great addition to potting mixes for seedlings.  It can also help to retain moisture in sandy soils.

Plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host.  As with a human virus, it is an infectious disease that cannot be treated with chemicals and can be quite harmful or even fatal to the plant.

The growing of grapes.  Viniculture on the other hand is specifically for winemaking.  Viticulture is a branch of the science of horticulture.

Quite simply this term applies to ANY plant that is growing where you do not want it to grow.  As opposed to a noxious weed that is one that has been designated by local authorities as causing harm.  

N.B. older British viewers will also know ‘Weed’ as the happy plant between the two Flowerpots in the children's TV series ‘Flowerpot Men’.

A hose for irrigation that is made from re-cycled rubber that features many tiny cracks which open up when the pressure increases.  When laid directly over the areas to be watered, weeper hoses will slowly drip low levels of water that will get directly to the roots of your plants.  They can be buried under mulch for aesthetic reasons and are generally considered to be much more efficient than spraying hoses.

A surfactant that breaks down the surface tension of water droplets to allow better absorption.  A small amount of dish washing liquid added to sprayers or water cans when applying herbicides will help the chemicals penetrate into the weed surface.

A small flying sap sucker that is of the aphid family and settles on veggies and indoor plants, sometimes in large numbers. The health of the plant can be severely compromised if not treated with an appropriate spray.

Spiral or move in a twisted fashion.  An arrangement of leaves or flowers in a circular formation around a stem

Drooping branches, stems or leaves - usually caused by too little or too much water.  Fusarium wilt is a persistent fungus affecting mainly tomatoes and cucurbits which enters via the root system, affecting the sap channels, causing creeping necrosis (death due to cell tissue breakdown).

The liquid extract from worm farms that will boost microbiological activity in the soil  through the addition of good bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and protozoa.  It is made from worm castings in worm farms and simply drains out if you place a bucket beneath the lower tay tap.  Worm Tea contains many natural nutrients and will boost plant growth noticeably.

When you see an 'x' as part of the botanical name of a plant it means it is a hybrid or cultivar. e.g. Cupressocyparis x leylandii. It could have been hybridised manually or naturally as in the case of the Leylandii Cypress.

A plant or landscape that requires little water. Most xeric plants will need minimal supplemental watering after an establishment period unless there is an extreme drought.

The process of creating a garden or landscape that reduces or eliminates the need for supplemental watering.

Plants adapted to arid climates are called xerophytes and include succulents such as Cacti, Aloes Agaves and most Yucca.

Vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients from the roots to other parts of the plant.

Hard yakka is what one has to do to get a garden established - unless you are flush with funds and can employ a landscaper to do it for you. N.B. Please don't write in to tell us this is not a real horticultural term - we know. 

P.S. for our international viewers, this is an Australian colloquialism - Hard Yakka, meaning Hard work.

Yellowing leaves can be caused by a variety of reasons - like over-watering, lack of nutrition - especially nitrogen, magnesium or iron, unbalanced soil pH.  Potted plants will often recover when re-potted.  

P.S. many deciduous plant leaves will naturally yellow in autumn as the reduction in sunlight hours triggers chlorophyll to break down, therefore revealing the colourful pigments beneath.

A major feature of Japanese landscaping, the Zen Garden, consists of natural elements like rocks, sand, gravel and wood with very few plants and no water.  

The most famous is Ryoanji Temple Rock Garden in Kyoto, Japan.  It is a UNESCO world heritage site and essential to visit for any enquiring mind.  It may seem odd to  western sensibilities at first, but rest and gaze long enough and you'll get it.  Truly astounding.

Zinc (Zn) is an essential plant nutrient that is important in converting starches to sugars.  As such it promotes plant growth, development and yield.  

A lack of zinc can be noticed from lack of vitality, stunted growth and chlorosis of leaves.  Zinc sulphate is the most common form of plant fertiliser.

Your climate zone will help you identify the climate of your area and therefore which plants will grow best there. See the GardensOnLine Climate Zone Map which applies to both northern and southern hemispheres (inverted).

The flower shows irregular symmetry and can only be divided in two along a single plain. For example orchids and members of the Fabaceae family.